9898048483 rajkot
A hallucination is the brain's reception of a false sensory input. This essentially means that the person having a hallucination is experiencing an event through one of their senses that is not occurring in the real world. This can be through any of the senses, with tactile then auditory hallucinations being the most common. When auditory hallucinations are examined, the most common are hearing one's own thoughts as if they were being spoken aloud, followed by hearing one's name being called by a voice when alone.
People may experience hallucinations as part of their normal developmental stages, especially during the preschool years, in the 2-5 year old range. Common causes of hallucinations inpeople without a psychiatric diagnosis are exhaustion, sleep deprivation, social isolation and rejection, severe reactive depression, amputation of a limb (phantom limb syndrome), a reaction to medication, a reaction to hallucinogens such as LSD, a reaction to other drugs such as heroin and cocaine.
Physical (organic) causes of hallucinations include delirium, tumors leading to increased intercranial pressure, temporal lobe lesions, seizures, head injuries, and irritation of sensory pathways.
In persons with a psychiatric diagnosis, it is the psychotic disorders that are generally associated with hallucinations. These include all of the schizophrenic diagnoses, and affective disorders (such as Bipolar Disorder with psychotic features).
* irst-generation (typical) antipsychotics. These medications are thought to control symptoms by affecting brain chemicals called neurotransmitters. These medications have traditionally been very effective in managing the positive symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia, including delusions and hallucinations. These medications, however, have frequent and potentially severe neurological side effects, including the possibility of tardive dyskinesia, or involuntary jerking movements. Typical antipsychotics, especially generic versions, are often cheaper than are their newer counterparts, which can be an important consideration when long-term treatment is necessary.
* Second-generation (atypical) antipsychotics. These newer antipsychotic medications are effective at managing hallucinations, delusions and other symptoms, such as loss of motivation and lack of emotion. Atypical antipsychotic medications pose a risk of metabolic side effects, including weight gain, diabetes and high cholesterol.
* Other medications. It's common to have other mental health issues along with paranoid schizophrenia. Antidepressants can be helpful if you have symptoms of depression. Anti-anxiety medications can be helpful if you have symptoms of anxiety or agitation. And mood stabilizing medications may help with aggression or hostility.
Choosing a medication
In general, the goal of treatment with antipsychotic medications is to effectively control signs and symptoms at the lowest possible dosage. Which medication is best for you depends on your own individual situation. It can take several weeks after first starting a medication to notice an improvement in your symptoms.
If one medication doesn't work well for you or has intolerable side effects, your doctor may recommend combining medications, switching to a different medication or adjusting your dosage. Don't stop taking your medication without talking to your doctor, even if you're feeling better. You may have a relapse of psychotic symptoms if you stop taking your medication. In addition, antipsychotic medication needs to be tapered off, rather than stopped abruptly, to avoid withdrawal symptoms.
Medication side effects and risks
All antipsychotic medications have side effects and possible health risks. Certain antipsychotic medications may increase the risk of diabetes, weight gain, high cholesterol and high blood pressure, for instance. Others can cause dangerous changes in your white blood cell count or cause health problems in older adults.
Be sure to talk to your doctor about all of the possible side effects and about being routinely checked for health problems while you take these medications. Antipsychotic medications can also have dangerous interactions with other substances. Tell your doctors about all medications and over-the-counter substances you take, including vitamins, minerals and herbal supplements.
Psychotherapy for paranoid schizophrenia
Although medications are the cornerstone of paranoid schizophrenia treatment, psychotherapy is also important. Psychotherapy may not be appropriate for everyone, though, especially if symptoms are too severe to engage in a therapeutic process that requires two-way communication. Psychotherapy may include:
* Individual therapy. Psychotherapy with a skilled mental health provider can help you learn ways to cope with the distress and daily life challenges brought on by paranoid schizophrenia. Therapy can help reduce the severity of your symptoms and improve communication skills, relationships, your ability to work and your motivation to stick to your treatment plan. Learning about paranoid schizophrenia can help you understand it better, cope with lingering symptoms and understand the importance of taking your medications. Therapy also can help you cope with stigma surrounding paranoid schizophrenia. There are many types of psychotherapy that may be useful, such as cognitive behavioral therapy.
* Family therapy. Both you and your family may benefit from therapy that provides support and education to families. Your symptoms have a better chance of improving if your family members understand your illness, can recognize stressful situations that might trigger a relapse, and can help you stick to your treatment plan. Family therapy can also help you and your family communicate better with each other and understand family conflicts. Family therapy also can help family members cope and reduce their distress about your condition.
Hospitalization for paranoid schizophrenia
During crisis periods or times of severe symptoms, hospitalization may be necessary. This can help ensure your own safety and that of others, and make sure that you're getting proper nutrition, sleep and hygiene. Partial hospitalization and residential care also may be options.
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for paranoid schizophrenia
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a procedure in which electric currents are passed through your brain to trigger a brief seizure. This seems to cause changes in brain chemistry that can reduce symptoms of certain mental illnesses such as paranoid schizophrenia. Because ECT can provide significant improvements in symptoms more quickly than can medications or psychotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy may be the best treatment option in some cases. Deciding whether electroconvulsive therapy is a good option for you can be extremely difficult. Make sure you understand all the pros and cons.
Social and vocational skills training for paranoid schizophrenia
Training in social and vocational skills to live independently is an important part of recovery from paranoid schizophrenia. With the help of a therapist, you can learn such skills as good hygiene, cooking and better communication. Many communities have programs that can help you with jobs, housing, self-help groups and crisis situations. If you don't have a case manager to help you with these services, ask your doctors about getting one.
Treatment challenges in paranoid schizophrenia
When you have appropriate treatment and stick to your treatment plan, you have a good chance of leading a productive life and functioning well in daily activities. But be prepared for challenges that can interfere with treatment.
For one thing, you, like many others with schizophrenia, may find it hard to follow your treatment plan. You may believe that you don't need medications or other treatment. Also, if you're not thinking clearly, you may forget to take your medications or to go to therapy appointments. Talk to your doctors about tips to stick to your treatment plan, such as taking an antipsychotic medication that's available in a long-lasting injectable form. Even with good treatment, you may have a relapse. Have a plan in place to deal with a relapse.
Smoking, and often heavy smoking, is common when you have schizophrenia. Some evidence suggests that smoking improves thinking and concentration in schizophrenia. If you smoke, you may need a higher dose of antipsychotic medication because nicotine interferes with these medications. Be honest with your doctors about your smoking habits. And be sure you understand the serious health risks of smoking.
Similarly, using alcohol and drugs can make paranoid schizophrenia symptoms worse. If you have a problem with alcohol or substance abuse, you may benefit from treatment programs that include care for both schizophrenia and substance abuse.
# Cases suggestive of reincarnation
Numerous cases have been reported of young children remembering a previous incarnation, showing even birth marks of supposed injuries in a previous life.
Prof.Ian Stevenson has collected the most striking cases of this kind. Nature-nurture research has shown that babies are born with dispositions, allergies, temperament and personalities which are difficult to explain by the structure of the DNA.
In the last decades regressions to previous lives under hypnosis have been put forward as "proof" for survival after death. Sometimes the person remembering a previous incarnation may furnish historical data that were lost, but could still be verified after intensive research.
Reincarnation helps to explain the origin of particular talents, phobias, fears, preferences and characteristics that make up man's identity. Its chief weakness is its failure to explain convincingly the origin of the increasing number of human souls that are being born. The personality and character of man seems to be made up of his genetics, upbringing and fate. The soul, a link to the Divine, remains an intangible mystery.
* Survival of bodily death. A statement by a group of scholars and scientists.
* Society for Psychical Research, London
* American Society for Psychical Research Inc., New York
* Parapsychology Foundation Inc., New York
* Life after Death?, by Dr. Karlis Osis Ph.D.
* Society for Scientific Exploration
* Koestler Parapsychology unit, Univ of Edinburgh
* A lawyer presents the case for the afterlife
* Video clip on materialisations
* Beyond the Veil - NDE site + Resources on death and dying
* After Death Communication Research Foundation
* International Association for Near-Death studies
* Near Death Experience Research Foundation
* The Trickster and the Paranormal
* International Survivalist Society
* University of Virginia: Personality studies paranormal phenomena
* Life after death database
* Parapsychological links
* Paranormal websites and newsgroups
The five major religions of the world are Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Buddhism, and Hinduism. While many other belief systems do exist, it is these five that have the largest number of followers around the globe. The three religions of Christianity, Judaism, and Islam are commonly referred to as the Abrahamic religions, and they all share beliefs based on a form of spiritual life after death. While the details vary widely, all of these three religions believe that a person’s soul is maintained after the physical death of the body, where it is reunited with loved ones in the presence of the creator. As well as a heaven or paradise state after death, some versions of these three religions also refer to a state of hell, and sometimes also to a number of unique levels that lie between divine paradise and absolute damnation.
In contrast to the three western Abrahamic faiths, Buddhism and Hinduism have very different views on the afterlife. Reincarnation is one of the most important beliefs associated with Hinduism, and is a concept also found in Buddhism and new age spirituality. The basic belief in reincarnation is that spiritual development continues after death, through another earthly life in the physical world. While the continued succession of a soul can lead to the eventual liberation from physical existence, it is this belief in continued physical reincarnation that is one of the basic distinguishing factors between western and eastern religion. Survival after death is a common belief all around the world, and is one of the defining factors of most religious and spiritual belief systems.
